John Dewey’s Education Theory: All You Need to Know

John Dewey’s Education Theory: What Is It?

John Dewey’s education theory is commonly known as experiential learning. As the name suggests, it is a theory that emphasizes hands-on experiences that emerge as a result of interacting externally.

Dewey saw education as a tool for developing reflective and engaged individuals. According to him, education was supposed to make people better versions of themselves.

To achieve this, he emphasized the role of experience. Dewey was critical of the rote learning approach to learning which was prevalent at his time. He believed that students should not be passive recipients of knowledge. Instead, he viewed education as an activity that could facilitate and encourage improvement and expansion in one’s existing knowledge.

The source of this improvement and expansion was real-world experience, according to Dewey. He saw all real-world experiences as education. While he saw merit in developing curricula for learning, he was critical of how it was taught by passing down word for word. Instead, he proposed that learning should take place by learners engaging with the world, with their experiences guiding this engagement. Additionally, it was also important for learners to explore the practical applications of material for learning to be thorough and impactful.

Hence, Dewey conceptualized learning as cycle of doubt (identifying problems), inquiry (hypothesizing and searching for information through exploration and experience), and reflection (synthesizing information learned to come up with unique solutions or conclusions).

Dewey’s vision of learning included:

• Learning as a continuous process
• Learning occurring as a result of doing
• Learning resulting from combining knowledge with life experiences
• Learning occurring out of meaningful experiences
• Learning requiring active engagement between instructors and learners
• The importance of learners engaging in hands-on experienced that allow them to develop new ideas and concepts, shaping a personal and unique understanding
• The importance of integrating learners’ strengths and interests in the learning process

As is evident, John Dewey’s education theory puts learners’ exploration, experience, and ability to think independently and critically at the core of an effective learning process. When first proposed, experiential learning was seen as “progressive” due to its stark difference from learning conventions at the time. However, over the decades, experiential learning has stood the test of time and proven its merit. It is applied in modern learning environments to significantly improve the impact of learning experiences.

John Dewey’s Education Theory: Main Principles and Ideas

Now that you have a thorough background of experiential learning, let us look at the main principles and ideas that made up the theory. This section will go into experiential learning’s technicalities, exploring processes crucial for it to occur.

Experiential learning

According to Dewey, ‘there is an intimate and necessary relation between the process of actual experience and education’. Thus, he views experience as a cornerstone of learning. Learners should be engaged as active participants in the learning process, gathering new information and refining ideas as their experience evolves and informs them. Additionally, learning experiences should encourage exploration and problem-solving, allowing learners to question their understanding and develop it further.

Real-world experience

It’s a no-brainer that real-world experience is critical for experiential learning to occur. Dewey viewed all experiences as education, whether they occurred in a learning context or not. Hence, it is necessary for learners to interact with the world, when learning and otherwise.

Emotional engagement

Another critical process for effective experiential learning to occur is emotional engagement. Dewey held that learners should be emotionally involved in the learning process for it to be most effective. To facilitate this, he spoke of the importance of “aesthetic experiences”. Such experiences are compelling, causing learners to engage more readily and deeply with them.

Social learning and social interaction

John Dewey’s education theory also emphasized social interaction. According to him, learners need to engage with peers and instructors to develop more holistic ideas and understanding. Thus, effective learning occurs in a social environment. In these environments, learners critically engage with information by being exposed to different ideas and perspectives. With such learning, learners’ critical thinking abilities, emotional intelligence, and social skills also developed, making them well-rounded individuals.

Collaborative learning

A related process to social learning is collaborative learning. Dewey believed that better learning occurred when individuals exchanged ideas and perspectives to collaboratively develop a shared understanding.

Reflection and inquiry

Lastly, reflection and inquiry are also important learning processes in John Dewey’s education theory. Reflection is a type of internal experience where learners critically ponder over new information by comparing it to what’s already known. Using their existing understanding and knowledge, they glean underlying patterns, concepts, and ideas from that information. Then, learners can apply their new understanding to different contexts, allowing them to define and solve problems.

Applications of John Dewey’s Education Theory in eLearning

Now that we have a very thorough understanding of John Dewey’s education theory, let us explore strategies for applying it to eLearning.

• Using branched scenario-based learning to put learners in different situations where they have to make choices to achieve different outcomes.
• Including case studies, people’s experiences, excerpts from written media, video clippings, skits, etc. to depict various contexts to learners.
• Having a real or fictional facilitator in the course that engages in dialogue with learners. This could be through proposing reflective questions, offering small nuggets of information, or being conversational with the learner.
• Create virtual environments where learners are exposed to/receive help from fictional characters to help them with collaborative and social learning.
• Facilitating social and collaborative learning through discussion boards, breakout rooms, chat rooms, etc.
• Live virtual instructor-led training for more authentic exposure to peers and instructor-learner interaction.
• The use of journals and logs with meaningful prompts for learners to reflect on and create their own understanding of the subject matter.

These are only a handful of ways to incorporate experiential learning in eLearning. Given the breadth and scope of eLearning as a medium, experiential learning can be incorporated into it many different, unique, and innovative ways.

Limitations of John Dewey’s Education Theory

While experiential learning as a theory has immense merit among educators and a proven track record behind it, it does not come without its shortcomings. While a very strong theory of learning, John Dewey’s education theory has certain limitations.

• The theory provides a strong theoretical basis for learning, but lacks a robust framework for its application.
• The theory does not delineate a clear structure for how all of its concepts function and interact. For instance, the theory doesn’t have stages or like many other learning theories do.
• Experiential learning isn’t universally applicable. It can be time-consuming to execute and, thus, is not well-suited to urgent learning needs or learning formats that emphasize short bursts of learning, such as microlearning.
• Experiential learning also requires greater dialogue between instructors/instructional material and learners. Hence, instructors need to heavily engage with learners which may not be possible when the instructor-to-learner ratio is skewed. Additionally, with eLearning or self-learning materials, they need to be developed in a certain way that constantly calls back to and involves learners, making their development complex.

Conclusion

John Dewey’s education theory, also known as experiential learning, is a thorough approach to learning that rightfully leverages learners’ experiences and ability to think and reflect in the learning process. It is flexible and can be applied to in-person and eLearning environments and is heavily integrated into modern learning experiences. However, when utilizing this theory, more intentional planning and design is required.

Ready to enhance your corporate training programs with experiential learning? Contact us today to discover how we can help you design effective, learner-centered solutions that drive real results.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How does Dewey view education?

John Dewey views education as a process where learners develop and refine their understanding by gaining new experiences and critically reflecting on them.

What is John Dewey’s contribution to education?

John Dewey’s contribution to education is the experiential learning theory, which advocates for learners’ active participation in learning and emphasizes the role of experiences in facilitating learning.