Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory Decoded

What is the Multiple Intelligences Theory?

Multiple intelligences is a theory first proposed by Harvard developmental psychologist Howard Gardner. The multiple intelligences theory suggests that people are not born with all types of intelligence they will ever have. This theory counters the traditional notion that one type of intelligence, sometimes known as “g” for general intelligence, only focuses on cognitive abilities. In contrast to other notions of learning capabilities (such as, the concept of IQ), the idea behind multiple intelligences is that people learn in various ways.

First introduced in Gardner’s 1983 book Frames of Mind, the theory identifies eight specific intelligences: Linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, logical/mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. The theory posits that understanding which type(s) of intelligence a learner may possess can help educators adjust learning activities.

What are the types of multiple intelligence?

Howard Gardner originally suggested six intelligence types. Today, that list has grown to nine types of intelligence, as discussed below.

1. Linguistic Intelligence

Linguistic intelligence is the capacity to understand and manipulate language effectively. It encompasses a sensitivity to the nuances of both spoken and written language, the aptitude for learning multiple languages, and the skill to use language as a tool to achieve specific objectives. This form of intelligence allows individuals to command language in a way that facilitates powerful rhetorical or poetic expression. Those who possess strong linguistic intelligence have the talent to dissect and interpret information and craft products that rely on language, such as speeches, written works, and various forms of communication.

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to the ability to understand and engage in abstract thinking and reasoning and the competence to perform mathematical operations. It is characterized by the aptitude to approach problems with a logical and systematic methodology, to conduct scientific investigations, and to utilize critical thinking skills. Individuals who are strong in this intelligence are adept at formulating mathematical models, constructing proofs, performing complex calculations, and tackling theoretical challenges.

3. Spatial Intelligence

Spatial intelligence is the intellectual capability to accurately comprehend and interact with the visual and spatial aspects of our environment. It encompasses the skill to alter, adapt, and handle visual data effectively. Individuals endowed with pronounced spatial intelligence excel in creating mental images, artistic drawing, navigating spaces, assembling puzzles, and interpreting geographical data. They possess the proficiency to identify and manipulate both expansive and intricate spatial patterns.

4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to use one’s whole body or body parts to solve problems or fashion products. Those with a strong sense of this intelligence demonstrate proficiency in activities that require physical coordination, such as athletics, dance, drama, and hands-on crafts. They are adept at employing their physicality to produce works, execute tasks, or address issues, showcasing a harmonious synchronization between thought and movement.

5. Musical Intelligence

Musical intelligence is the intellectual faculty related to the comprehension, differentiation, production, and communication of musical constructs. It includes an understanding of rhythm, pitch, melody, and tone. People with musical intelligence are good at singing, playing various instruments, and composing music. People with musical intelligence can recognize and create musical pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence is the capability to understand other people’s intentions, motivations, and desires and, consequently, to work effectively with others. It means noticing when someone is happy, sad, or angry and knowing why they might feel that way. People with interpersonal intelligence communicate well and can build rapport.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

Intrapersonal intelligence refers to the power to understand oneself, including one’s desires, fears, and capabilities – and to use them effectively in regulating one’s own life. It attaches self-awareness, personal cognizance, and the capacity to articulate one’s emotional life. This type of intelligence can help one understand which life goals are important and how to achieve them.

8. Naturalist Intelligence

Naturalist intelligence involves recognizing, categorizing, and drawing upon patterns in the natural environment. It includes sensitivity to the phenomena of nature. People with naturalistic intelligence can identify and distinguish among different plants, animals, and weather formations in the natural world.

9. Existential intelligence

Existential intelligence is the ninth type suggested in addition to Howard Gardner’s original theory. He defined existential intelligence as a capability to delve into more in-depth questions about life and existence. People with existential intelligence contemplate the “big” questions about the meaning of life and how actions can serve larger goals. An example would be asking learners, “Why are you here?”

Implications of Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory for Learning & Development

Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory is a transformative concept for learning and development programs. It champions the power of individuality and diversity in education. Recognizing that each person is unique, it rejects the one-size-fits-all approach to teaching and assessment. In the past, personalized education was a luxury for the privileged, but with the advent of technology, it’s becoming more accessible. The theory also advocates for teaching topics and skills in multiple ways to engage different intelligences. By providing a variety of activities and learning approaches, we can cater to all students, encouraging them to explore subjects from various perspectives and deepen their understanding. This approach holds the potential to revolutionize education, empowering both educators and students.

It’s crucial to differentiate between learning styles and multiple intelligences. While learning styles pertain to preferred approaches to tasks and materials, multiple intelligences theory suggests that everyone possesses all eight intelligences to varying extents, and learning style doesn’t necessarily align with intelligence strengths. Classifying learners solely based on learning styles or intelligences can restrict their learning potential. Research indicates that providing diverse ways for students to showcase their knowledge enhances engagement and learning outcomes while aiding teachers in precise assessment.

Multiple Intelligences are Not Learning Styles

Despite the popularity of learning styles and inventories such as the VARK, it is important to know that no evidence supports the idea that matching activities to one’s learning style improves learning. Cognitive psychologists have further indicated that there is no practical evidence to support the validity of this theory. Gardner himself denies that they are the same. Gardner’s problem with the idea of “learning styles” is that the concept is ill-defined, and there is no persuasive evidence that the learning style analysis produces more effective outcomes than a one-size-fits-all. Therefore, pluralize your teaching, i.e., teach in multiple ways to help learners learn.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What is the Multiple Intelligences Theory?

A: Multiple intelligences is a theory first proposed by Harvard developmental psychologist Howard Gardner. The theory suggests that people are not born with all the intelligence they will ever have.

Q: Why is multiple intelligence theory important?

A: Understanding Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory is important as it helps individuals recognize that intelligence is not just about educational achievement and IQ scores but also includes various abilities and strengths.

Q: What is the main difference between multiple intelligences and learning styles?

A: While both multiple intelligences and learning styles theories emphasize recognizing and valuing individual learning preferences, multiple intelligence theory suggests a broader and more diverse range of intelligence beyond traditional academic abilities. In contrast, learning styles are focused on preferences for processing information.